In this essay we will discuss about the importance of national parks in wildlife management. After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Wildlife Protection and Management 2. Importance of National Parks 3. Important National Parks and Wildlife Management 4. Natural Areas Management.
Essay # 1. Wildlife Protection and Management:
Wildlife management and protection has got a unique awareness all over the world. Several species of wild animals and plants are being protected in developing countries. A large number of wild animals and plants have been vanished away from this planet in the last one century.
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Global warming, pollution and rapid growth in population are some of the responsible factors. Some of the species had great importance to man and its biosphere. Now it is a great responsibility of every citizen to protect the environment and wildlife of this living planet.
The protection of wildlife and natural areas is an asset for the development of tourism. The protection of natural areas is also important for the protection of wildlife. Some of the countries have beautiful wildlife parks and rich bio-diversity just to encourage tourists and earn an excellent amount of foreign exchange. The excellent services to tourists provide best prospects to earn money and make the life style more competitive.
Wildlife tourism or eco-tourism envisages the ways for the protection and conservation of parks through mass awareness campaign. Among the tourists, there are several scholars, environmentalists, writers, journalists and intellectuals and they always write about the loss of biodiversity in the park and the impact of tourism due to mass arrival of tourists from the foreign countries. The roads passes through the National Parks should be used in one single way – in and out just to protect green plants, trees and to keep the wild animals undisturbed.
Essay # 2. Importance of National Parks:
The importance of vast stretches of National Parks, its existing wildlife, floral diversity helps in creating a balance in the environment for it is necessary for the balance of ecosystems at different levels. For example, the wetlands, plants and animals in it, the gushing river water amidst the forestland, the marshland, the pastures and varied grasslands make it a beautiful recreation point for the lovers of nature and eco-tourism. The biological diversity remains protected inside a National Park as it is a safe habitat for all living animals, plants and microorganism within a boundary line of the park.
The wildlife tourism can be encouraged through wildlife parks management and maintenance. The study on wildlife management has become quite popular among the younger generation of South American, African and Asian nations. The park authorities should pay more attention on wildlife management and captive breeding research on wild animals.
Expansion of Parks:
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The continuous deforestation, agricultural expansion and human encroachment for housing and road construction have reduced the areas of forests and National Parks the world over. Particularly, South American and African nations are facing the problems of encroachment. In this way the protection of all wild animals and floral diversity and the expansion of parkland are quite necessary.
Expand the Corridors for Elephants:
It is necessary to expand the coming in and going out corridors of elephants. The area should be expanded just to support the roaming area for tigers, bears and elephants so that they may go out in search of their prey. Rajaji National Park, Dehradun has expanded the elephant corridors in the park. This is among the largest corridors in the country.
Expand Roaming Territories for Lions and Tigers:
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In some countries, the roaming territories for lions and tigers are being expanded in the National Parks. Such territories have been created and expanded in several countries. The corridors for Siberian leopard, African tigers and leopards, South American tigers and jaguars have been expanded. In India, the National Parks are being expanded with its requirements for expansion of a possible roaming area for the wild animals.
Expand the Grazing area for Deers, Zebras, Wild Buffalos, Giraffe and Wildebeests:
The grazing area for the grazing animals should be expanded inside the park in the form of pastures or grassland. The vast National Parks like the Amazon National Park, (Brazil), Virunga National Park (Congo) and the Kruger National Park, (South Africa) are some of the best examples of expanded grazing area for the herbivores. In India, Rajaji National Park has an expanded grazing area for elephants and deers. The total area of Rajaji National Park is 1600 km2.
Improve the Food Chain and Food Resources within the Parks:
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It is necessary for the park authorities to expand food chain inside park to balance the population of herbivores and carnivores. The rich food chains provides the survival of carnivores and balance the population of herbivores like bears stags, wild buffalos, wild pigs, deers and marsh deers.
Plant Fruit Trees and Berries for Primates:
The plantation of wild fruit trees, berries and flowering bushes are important for the population and survival of monkeys, bears pandas, rabbits, and other fruit eater animals. The wild birds are fruit eaters and spread the seeds to all parts of the forests. The fruit bats also eat fruits in large numbers and help in the dispersal of fruit seeds in the forests and distant park areas.
Wild Life Management in National Parks:
To develop eco-tourism, wildlife management should be adapted with great conservation activity. If wildlife is managed properly, the bio-diversity thrives and the park becomes a safe haven for wild animals and plants. The park authorities should create new habitats for wild animals, wetlands and manage it within an ecological setup. The population of wild animals thrives in the park with a proper food chain system.
Reforestation Activities:
In developing countries, two third of the existing forests have been wiped out completely in the past one century. Particularly, the Alpine and Rain forests have been lost in the last 50 years. Once there were more than 20,000 km2 Archa forests in Central Asia, now, there are only 4000 km2 existing forests. In South America, there are now 2 percent Atlantic forests surviving which once were covered in 20 million hectares in the state of Santa Catarina (Brazil). The Brazilian Pine (Araucaria angustifolia) is limited in some remnant forests of South Eastern Brazil.
Protection of Habitats:
The protection of wild animals in protected forests and National Parks is a positive step towards the conservation of the wild animal species. The great need is to create natural habitats for them and covers for bears, tigers, lions and primates near their roaming territories.
Create more natural habitats for monkeys, reptiles and carnivores as these things are necessary in a multipurpose Safari Park. The natural caves for lions and tigers should be maintained in different territories. The habitats for bears and primates should be created at different locations near their traditional resting places. The habitats for reptiles and birds can also be created properly.
Conservation Activities:
The main task is to continue conservation activities in the National Park. The real meaning of conservation activities is not only to protect the wildlife in a particular area but to multiply and spread the species for the future generation. The protection of wild animals, breeding and spreading their population and help them to live the longer life in a forest park ecologically suitable for their survival.
i. Breeding of Wild Animals in Captivity:
There are some Ecological Research Centre, Wildlife Breeding Centre and Environment Research Centre established in some parts of South Africa, Canada, USA, France and India to breed the wild animals in captivity because some species are so rare that their breeding in captivity is more safe and fruitful. Later on, they are left to their natural places where they adopt themselves according to the nature.
ii. Providing more Natural Environment:
In a Wildlife Sanctuary or National Park, the wild animals should be provided more natural environment. The traditional plants, should be planted to provide shelter and nesting to the wild birds.
iii. Stop the Encroachment and other Disturbances:
The encroachment in the national park and other human disturbances should be stopped with immediate effect. The poachers, hunters and wildlife organ smugglers should be punished severely. There should be permanent fencing or Eco wall to protect the boundaries of the National Wildlife Parks. Also, take the co-operation of local dwellers and communities in the protection of the Park and wildlife within.
Essay # 3. Important National Parks and Wildlife Management:
India is a haven for national parks and wildlife sanctuaries which are established in different parts of the country. In the past two decades, there is an increase in the number of hunting and poaching in the National Parks of India. In Rajaji National Park, Dehradun, Kaziranga National Park, Assam, Manas National Park and various other National Parks in the country are under the secret eyes of poachers and smugglers and the authorities could not stop the illegal activities in the park.
Once, there were 67,000 Rhinos in Zimbabwe’s national parks but now there are only 3000 surviving Rhinos today in Chebore National Park, Mana Pools National Park and Sainji National Park in the same country. The Smugglers have killed 63,000 Rhinos by now, this too for skins and horns.
The elephants too have been killed in African forests in large numbers for its ivory teeth. It is estimated that at the end of this century, some of the wild animals including large mammals will be completely vanished away like the Dinosaurs.
1. Kaziranga National Park:
Kaziranga National Park is among the most beautiful Wildlife Parks in the world. The park is known for its rich bio-diversity. The wild animals like tigers, bears, hogdeer, hog badger elephant, wild boar, Rhinoceros unicornis, wild buffalo, swamp deers, sambar fishing cat, cobra, python, civets, porcupine and rabbits are found here in large numbers. Kaziranga is internationally known for the single horned Rhino species (Rhinoceros unicornis) in the world. Spread into more than 759 km2, it is a haven for mammals, primates and wild birds.
Among the reptiles King Cobra, Pythons, and common snakes, turtles and lizards are found here. Kaziranga and Manas National Parks are famous for Golden langoor and Rhinoceros Unicornis. One horned Rhino is found only in Kaziranga in the world.
2. The Great Bears’ Rain Forests, Canada:
The Canadian Government has agreed to legislation that will protect one third of the forest from logging, and ensure that the remaining two thirds are logged using sustainable practices. The total area of rain forests to be protected from logging is 2 billion hectare which is more than twice the size of Yellow Stone National Park.
Global Warming:
The cold climate Ecological zone should be maintained at its original temperature for the Polar bears and Grizzly bears. Already, a large population of bears in the park is facing the ‘heat’ of global warning. This has badly disturbed the Polar Bear Ecosystem and their habitats. Also, a large area of their food chains, rivers or oceans are in danger as most of the part of it has badly affected in the past four decades.
The agreement to protect the Great Bear Rainforest will also set a new precedent for decision making by local indigenous groups as the forests First Nation Group will be given the rights to define what happens on their land.
Some NGOs and alliance of environmental organization, industry leaders and indigenous groups are quite happy that after their 10 years campaign to protect Great Bear Rain Forests has been successful.
3. Serengeti National Parks:
This park is established between Kenya and Tanzania. The park is spread in 25,000 km2 area. Several species and their migration movement are being noticed in the park for the past one decade. Several research organizations from UK and USA are cooperating in this affair. The conservation of large migratory species can be problematic because of their requirements for large protected areas. The movement of wildebeest (connochaetes taurius) is seen in 25,000 km2 territory of Serengeti Mara. Ecosystem of Tanzania and Kenya has recently been studied using eight individuals collared with Global Positioning Systems.
It was noticed that 90% of their time was spent inside the Park and 10 percent of the time was being spent in Ikoma Open Area and Mara Group Ranches, areas that receive limited protection and that are threatened by poaching agriculture. The animals are now spending time in Western Buffer Zones, and the development of community run Wildlife Management Areas in such buffer zones is an important step in the process of conservation of the park.
4. Panna Tiger National Park:
The Indian tigers are on the decline because of loss of ancient habitats and their continuous poaching. The Panna Tiger Reserve is a unique example of tiger protection in the world. The climate is quite suitable for the growth of tiger population in India.
Tropical deciduous forests from the bulk of potential tiger habitat in India, but accurate population estimates are scarce. To solve this 45 day survey, using photographic capture- recapture sampling was carried out in 2002 in the 542 km2 Panna Tiger Reserve in Central India. Sixty sites were sampled using camera traps.
Thirty six photos allowed individual tigers density was 6.9 tigers for 100 km2. Results of the study suggest that the 15000 km2 of the remaining Indian tropical dry forests can potentially support population of 9,000 wild tigers, if managed and protected as Panna. India’s Palamu and Valmiki Tiger Reserves are collapsing as a result of the failure of national and state governments to release sufficient funds and sometime the staffs do not get pay at proper time.
5. The Marine Parks of South Africa:
The National Parks and Vast Marine Parks in South Africa are managed properly keeping in view, the wildlife tourism, revenue generation and creation of employment for the local people in a greater way.
The South African Government has declared four new marine parks in protected areas that are near the coastal land and the sea. The country protected coastline has been increased 11% to 18%.
The four areas known for their natural beauty and bio-diversity are:
(1) The Aliwal Shoal, a subtidal coral reef of Umkomaas that protects threatened Sharks,
(2) Pondoland, including 90 km of coastline near Port St Johns, which extends 15 km seawards, marking the start of Sardine Run,
(3) The Bird Island in Algoa Bay that includes many rare and threatened sea bird species, and
(4) Cape Peninsula, that includes all coastal water around Table Mountain National Park.
A fifth marine protected area is planned off Namaqualand and, at 790,000 hectare will be South Africa’s largest National Marine Park.
6. Nanda Devi National Park:
The Park lies in Garhwali Himalayas and covers 630 km2. The Nanda Devi Park is considered among the best Himalayan Natural Parks in the World. The bird fauna is expected to 168 but only 57 species have been recorded. There are some species of mammals – Muskdeer, thar, bharal and snow leopard. The Park is known for its primates, tigers, bears, wild boars, weasels, rabbits and porcupines. The Musk Deer Research Centre is widely known among the tourists. The park is a haven for cold climate mountain birds. The song birds are found here in large numbers. This park has become a haven for tourists from far and near.
7. Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal:
Sagarmatha National Park is the most popular National Park in the Himalayas of Nepal. Located in North Eastern Nepal and covering 1,148 square km, the Park covers the upper catchment of the Dudhkosi river system, a distinct geographical entity enclosed by high mountain range. The Parks northern boundary lies along the main divide of the Great Himalayas, coinciding with the Tibetan border.
With its lower boundary at 2845 meters and containing seven peaks over 7000 meters, the park reaches to summit of Mount Everest 8863 meters (29078 feet), the world’s highest mountain peak. The park’s four main glaciers – Chhukhung, Khumbu, Gokyo and Nangpa La-feed deeply incised valleys which drain into Dudh Kosi and its tributaries to form the part of the Ganges River System. In the upper height of Gokyo valley, the Ngozumpa Glacier (20 km) is the longest glacier in the park with some 17 small glacial lakes. These lakes are used by water fowls and migratory birds.
The Sagarmatha National Park is an important high altitude breeding ground for birds. Among the 162 recorded mountain birds 36 breed in the park. Some of them are – Blood Pheasant, Robin Accentor, white throated Red start and grandala. Other important birds are Tibetan Snow Cock, Snow partridge and Himalayan monal.
The red panda, Asiatic black bear and snow leopard are found here. The short tailed mole, Tibetan water shrew, Himalayan water shrew and woolly hare are among the smaller mammals in the region. Here, Makalu Barun Valley is the trekker’s paradise. The Barun Valley is an important bird’s paradise. This will expand park up to 1400 square km more for wild animals. The Park was listed as World Heritage Site in 1979. Nepal is earning enough revenue through Mountain Tourism.
8. The Chang Thang Reserve (Tibet):
Chang Thang is the most impressive and vastly expanded National Park of Tibet. It covers 240,000 square kilometers of the Northern Plain, forming the north western part of the vast elevated Tibetan tableland. It has been converted into a vast Biosphere Reserve now. It is the largest wildlife Sanctuary outside the arctic or Antarctica. The Reserve protects a number of species that are unique and endemic to Tibetan Plateau.
It covers a large part of the remaining range of the wild Yak. Once, this species was widespread in this plateau but was reduced to a few hundred by continuous hunting. There are several other mammals’ i.e. Tibetan antelope or chiru, Tibetan gazelle, Tibetan wild ass or Kiang, Tibetan brown bear, snow leopard, Tibetan argali (or wild sheep) and bharal or blue sheep. Among the birds, are 67 breeding species, most of palaearctic origins have been recorded. The six of them are known as endemic is – black necked crane, giant babax, Kozlovs, babax, kozlov’s bunting, Roborovsky’s rose finch, and Taczanowski’s snow finch.
This reserve is a place of large herds of wild ass and Tibetan antelope. Establishment of the reserve will help to control illegal hunting, in particular the commercialized slaughter of wild Yak for its meat and the Tibetan antelope for its wool.
In the west end of the reserve is Memar Lake region where the population of Yak is 1000 and also the traditional breeding ground of Tibetan antelope. In addition, the Arjin Shan Reserve (45000 km2) bordering the Chang Tang Reserve in the north east is being extended to the west. This will increase the area of the vast reserve to 390,000 km2 of land into a single protected reserve park.
9. The Swiss National Park:
The Alps are the most beautiful principal mountain systems in Europe. These mountain ranges passes through various European countries i.e. Switzerland, France, Germany, Austria and Northern Italy. These cover 165,000 km2. Among them the Swiss Alps are in the most beautiful form of mountains. The Swiss National Park is located in the canton of crimson in eastern Switzerland, where it adjoins Italy’s Stelvio National Park (1,482 km2).
The Swiss National Park lies at a height of 1,500G-3,174 meters. The park is a combination of beautiful snowclad peaks. Among them are Piz Quattervals (3,165 meters) separated by deep, narrow valleys. The Engadine Valley, on the park’s northern boundary passes its water into Danube River.
The Parks total area, is 168 km2. One third of it is forest, one third grassland and one third is covered with bare rocks and scree. Dwarf mountain pine is the main tree species here. At the lower heights is a growth of Scots pine, arolla pine, larch and Norway spruce. An excellent growth of broad leaved trees in scattered throughout the park. Among them are white birch, green alder, aspen and rowan.
Above the treeline at about 2350 meters are many herbal plants including edelweiss and anemone. Some 640 species of plants and herbs have been recorded in the park. Among the mammals are wolf, brown bear, lynx (are extinct now) red deer, chamois and ibex. There is a small enclave of Hotel Furon and Hotel Guron in the park and it is mostly uninhabited. The main road passes through the park which is responsible for numerous road accidents.
There are 100 species of beautiful birds, with 60 nests in the park. Among them caper caillie, ptarmigan, black woodpecker, nut cracker and golden eagle are common. The smaller song birds are wall creeper, ring ouzeal, alpine accentor, snow finch and Alpine chough. The information about the park and reading facilities can be enjoyed outside the park Zernez. Swiss Alps are among the most beautifully located and ideal for shooting of films. The international filmmakers come here to enjoy natural beauty and shoot their films here.
10. Manu National Park (Peru):
Manu National Park is located on the eastern side of the Peruvian Andese. This Park is one of the richest in biological diversity. It is situated at an elevation of 3640-4000 meters. The park covers an area of 15,328 km2.
According to biologists of the world, it is one of the last great unspoilt wilderness areas remaining on the eastern side of the Peruvian Andes. This is the park of the Peruvian Amazon regions which still is unexploited. Manu’s pristine wildlands, diverse habitats and types of wilderness make it biologically richer in the Latin America. This park lies in Selva, the great tropical region of the Amazon basin.
The park has an excellent growth of virgin forests with tall trees reaching to the highest of 50 meters (160 feet or more). Most of Peru’s Selva animals have been hunted for meat and skin in the past. Some 200 mammal species have been recorded in Manu.
Among them, more than half are from Peru. There are some intermingled species from North American origin such as deers and bears with ancient South American forms; marsupials such as oppossums (the only marsupial to be found outside of Australia and edentates (armadillos, sloths and anteaters), The five species of opossums include the rare black- shouldered opossum, known from only six specimens.
The edentates are represented by three species of anteaters – the giant anteater, the tamandua or lesser anteater, two species of sloths – the three toed and the two toed sloths and two species of armadillo, the rare giant armadillo and the common nine banded armadillos.
The richness of ecosystem explains its beauty and charm. There are 13 species of primates, among them are woolly monkey and Emperor tamarin. The endangered species are – the giant otter, Jaguar, ocelot, bushdog and North Andean hemul.
Manu National Park is a haven for beautiful wild birds. Among 1500 species of birds in Peru, 800 have been recorded in the park. These are Andean condor, harpy eagle and hoatzin. There are 18 species of macaws and parrots. Two species of endangered reptiles are also found in Manu – black caiman and spectacled caiman are endemic here and both of which are being killed for meat and skins in other parts of South America.
The timber companies, gold companies, domestic catties and wild fires have destroyed the one fourth of the Manu National Park. The Peru government should take care of it into proper way by fencing and strengthening protection of the Park.
Peru is well known for beautiful wild birds, mammals, reptiles, primates and orthopoda found in this National Park. The best thing is that the park is an ideal habitat for Vicuna. The population of Vicunas in the park is increasing in several hundreds.
Vicunas are a relative species of camel. Vicunas are known for its beautiful wool, skin, meat and bone ornaments. In the Andean Countries like Bolivia, Argentina and Chile, the population of Vicuna has increased to 1,20,000. Some thirty years ago, it was 6000 left in the wild of these countries. The Vicunas are now domestic animals also. The woollen clothes of Vicuna are very costly one and are woven with great care. The park is a haven for local trees, dwarf bushes and very small grasses.
11. Amazon National Park (Brazil):
The Amazon National Park is among the top Bio-diversity National Parks in the world. All the Amazon mammals and birds are found in this park.
The amazing wildlife of this park includes:
(1) Large mammals,
(2) Primates,
(3) Reptiles
(4) Avifauna,
(5) Orthopoda,
(6) Small mammals,
(7) Amphibians.
If the rain forests of Brazil are wiped out, the woolly spider monkeys are first to die. There are just 100 spider monkeys left alive in the rain forests of Brazil.
The Amazon National Park is deep and densely populated wilderness. The marsh deers, bears, armadillos, sloths and ant eaters are found in the park. The Jaguar, giant anteater, the tamandua, or lesser anteater, dwarf and silky anteater, 13 species of primates, woolly monkey and Emperor tamarind are found here. The giant otter, ocelot, bushdog, North Andean Hemul, caiman, crocodile and wild boars are also found here.
Some 1500 bird species, 200 honey birds and 800 birds were recorded in the Park. There are 18 species of macaws; two species of endangered reptiles. Among the reptiles are pythons, cobra, boatree snakes, Anaconda and some 30 species of snakes, lizards and turtles. Unfortunately some areas of ancient forests in Amazonia have been felled by the timber companies of Brazil and USA.
A vast area of land has been cleared for grazing for catties, ranches, and agriculture. A 60,000 sq. kilometers of forests, has been destroyed to convert into a pasture land. This has badly ruined the fertility of the land.
12. The Largest Marine Park:
A water and island territory more than 500,000 km2 designed as a National Monument by US Government. This includes the marine trend Marine National Monument in Western North Pacific Ocean. This is deepest point on the planet and extends to cover nearby under sea volcanoes and thermal vents.
The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument covers several areas to the South and West of Hawaii, and includes Wake Island, an important breeding site for seabirds. The Third Marine National Monument, the Rose Atoll, is located to the east of American Samoa and are known for Ruse.
13. National Parks of Alaska:
(1) Katmai National Park:
This park is in Mt Katmai Afognok Island and is known for Kodiak bears.
(2) Kenai Fords National Park:
This is a beautiful park near shipyard Homer. This is in the Aleutian Range area.
(3) Wrangell St Elias National Park:
This beautiful park is in the north of the water of Gulf of Alaska.
(4) Kluane National Park:
This park is near the Kluane Lake in Yukon State.
(5) Lake Clark National Park (Alaska Range):
This park is known in the name of Lake Clark.
(6) Denali National Park (Alaska):
It is in the background of Mt Mckinley the highest mountain in North America.
(7) Glacier Bay National Park:
This park is in the North East of Bay of Alaska.
(8) Gates of the Arctic National Park:
This park is amazingly beautiful park to observe the snow clad beauty. It is surrounded by beautiful snow lands.
(9) Mt Mckinley Park (20320 ft.):
This park is the most respected mountain Park in North America. This is the highest point in North America and is tourists and trekkers paradise.
These all the parks are located in Aleutian Range of Alaska State and are home to numerous, sea birds, shorebirds and mammals. The natural beauty of this area is amazing and beautiful. The Island tourism can be encouraged in larger scale through star cruise journey.
The islands like Tanago, Kanaga, Adak, Amlia, Atka, Seguam, Kornovin, Ummak, Mkushin, Fox Island, Unalaska Island, Akuton, Unimak Island, Sanak Island, Shumagin Island, Chrikof, Trinity, Sulwik Islands are among the most beautiful cold climate islands to visit. There are some four meters islands which are also with the flavour of snow and natural beauty.
14. Jigme Dorjee National Park, Bhutan:
Jigme Dorjee National Park in Bhutan is known for its Alpine vegetation. It has some beautiful orchids, lily, ferns and herbal medicinal plants. The most beautiful wild flowers and alpine herbs are found in this park. The park has some species of aromatic herbs.
It is said that the mountains are quite popular and rich in cold climatic bio-diversity. Wild animals and plants alike are a combination for mountain environment.
15. Mauritania National Park:
Mauritania National Park Mauritania’s Park National du Bank de Arguin and World de Fund for Nature has raised Swiss francs 400,000 for park surveillance and for three new patrol boats. Besides, this capacity building, workshops will be organized to educate park’s 51500 human inhabitants, the boats will help curtail the threat posed by private fishing boats and help park dwellers to improve their living conditions without being driven to over fishing by competition from poachers.
The park was found in 1976, mainly for the protection its bird life. If covers 12,000 km2, equally distributed between land and sea and is Africa’s largest coastal National Park and a wetland of international importance under Ramsar Convention and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
16. Katunsky Mountain Forests:
These forests are among the most scenic mountain forests in the world. These can be called the wonders of nature. The small peaks remain snow-clad, and 200 meters down a beautiful slope with small growth of Archa forests and then Alpine wide pastures with juniper trees and grasslands. This heavenly view in the wide pastures with juniper trees and grasslands is amazing. This view in the morning and evening sun fills our heart with magic when we observe it both the times.
It is more enchanting amidst the nature. The other Russian National wonders are Altai Mountains and Zapovedniks which have been put in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A new National Park in Kazakhstan has come into existence quite recently. The Altais are the most beautiful mountains which extend from Russia into China and Mongolia, encompassing part of eastern Kazakhstan.
It contains a full spectrum of landscape and climate zones, bio-diversity and natural resources. The park would be bounded on the north and east by Russian-Chinese borders, to the west by the upper reaches of the Buchtarma River and to the south by Lake Markakol, a proposed territory of 13,000 sq. km. It borders Katunsky Zapovednik in Russia and Beluka National Park creating a total of 14,500 square km protected areas.
17. The Valley of Flowers, Chamoli, India:
The Valley of Flowers is a World Heritage Site since 1986. This is an alpine valley formed by the small glaciers turned into V shape to the valley which is covered by numerous mountain flowers, alpine grasses and herbs. The Flora of this valley has adopted the harsh climate of this region. The Valley is covered with snow from November to May. The whole pasture gives flowers during July-August and the valley is full of sweet fragrance during that time.
Some of the mountain flowers are – Anemone, Geranium, Marsh Marigold, Primula, Potentillas, Geum, Aster, Lilium, Himalayan Blue Poppy. Aconite, Delphinium, Ranunculs corydalis, Inula, Saussurea, Companule, Pediculeris, Morins, Importiens, Bistorta, Ligularia, Anaphalis Saxifraga, Lobelis, Thermopsis, Trolliuns, Bistork, Ligulavia, Anaphaleis, Lobelie etc-are found in large numbers. It is estimated that there are 360 flowering plant species in this valley.
Essay # 4. Natural Areas Management:
A large number of plants and animal species have been wiped out from the natural areas because of encroachment, forests clearing for timber and agriculture. Other development activities in the area are also a reason of wildlife loss.
This has ruined the habitats of wild animals and plant ecosystems in the world. Pollution and global warming have added to their destruction. Now it is time to protect the nature and expand natural areas for the future generation. The loss of habitats in natural sites, wetlands and small remnants of forests has been destroyed in the past one century. This has badly damaged the natural sites forever.
Small Forest Land and Wildlife:
A small forest area is a unit of a well-protected forest. The small remnants of forest in a wildland exhibit its bio-diversity into several ways. The ecosystem of the small forests in the wild displays its functions into several ways. It protects the wild birds and provides them shelter in trees for nesting.
The reptiles, mammals, primates and insects also take shelter under shade of small forests. These remnant forests provide a lot of support to orthopodas as they are the food for birds, reptiles and local pheasants. The small herbs and plants also grow under the shade and moisture of small forests.
Protecting the Ecosystem:
To protect the wildlife, the best way is to protect the whole eco-system of that forest range. The bio-diversity survives there only because of the protection of whole ecosystem. Any change with climatic or physical the whole eco-system is affected immediately.
The felling of trees, results into the reduction in wild life or destruction of natural areas affects the whole of environment. It affects even that place where the human beings are living in villages or towns. Growing human population, increasing pollution and global warming have affected whole chain of ecosystems of this planet at a greater speed.