The following points highlight the two main phases of biotransformation of toxicants. The phases are: 1. Phase I Reactions 2. Phase II Reactions. 1. Phase I Reactions: There are three types of Phase I reactions: i. Oxidation. ii. Reduction. iii. Hydrolysis. 1. Oxidation: The biotransformation of great variety of xenobiotic compounds involves oxidation process. The […]
Phases of Biotransformation: 2 Phases | Toxicants | Toxicology
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Bioaccumulation of Xenobiotics in Animals | Toxicants | Toxicology
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In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Bioaccumulation of Xenobiotics 2. Process of Bioaccumulation 3. Illustration of Biomagnification of Important Xenobiotics 4. Factors Affecting 5. Elimination 6. Important Cases. Introduction to Bioaccumulation of Xenobiotics: Bioaccumulation of xenobiotic compounds first gained public attention in the 1960s with the invention of DDT, DDD and methyl […]
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Toxicant Dose-Response Relationship | Toxicology
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In this article we will discuss about the toxicant dose-response relationship observed in animals. The term ‘dose’ is defined as the quantity of toxicant administered to, or received by, the animal at one time or in given period of time. ‘Dosage’ refers to the administration of toxicant in doses. The amount is readily ascertained when […]